Sort of, but not in the way you are describing.
The lens is transparent, designed as such,... and while what we see goes directly through it, we see it just as much as we do our corneas. Now if you have a disease or problem that clouds the lens, ie: Cataracts -- you would be able to see the lens much better as it would have a coating on it.
Our eyes are in constant motion.. literally -- they have to move slightly ever few microseconds to 'maintain' a clear image. If we were to LOCK our eyes in one spot and not move them (if that were possible) the image would fade away. Our receptors need constant stimulation.
I'm not sure what you are seeing.. but I'm sure it is natural phenomenon -- It could be anything from starbursts, halo's.. or just 'focusing' and seeing things for the sum of their parts instead of the whole at once. (Make sense?)
It could also be similar to the 'Visual Snow' phenomenon where many people see flickering 'grainy' type of particles in their vision among other odd abnormalities that have yet to be explained. Neurologists are working on it though. :)
You cannot see your retina.. it is just the receptor, what allows you to 'see'.. to send input down the optic nerve. No, you cannot see individual photons, as they move much too fast.
I do know what you are talking about, but it is a hard phenomena to explain.