The basic raw materials for PVC are derived from salt and oil.
Chlorine is manufactured by the electrolysis of sodium chloride, salt.
This is why the first PVC manufacturing plants were located close to natural sources of salt.
The electrolysis of salt water produces chlorine. The chlorine is then combined with ethylene that has been obtained from oil. The resulting element is ethylene dichloride, which is converted at very high temperatures to vinyl chloride monomer. These monomer molecules are polymerized forming polyvinyl chloride resin.
For example rigid PVC like the one which is used in windows frames is normally PVCU ("unplasticized"). On the other hand flexible PVC is achieved by adding plasticizers such as phthalates.
Furthermore, pure poly-chloroethene is unstable when exposed to visible light or UV. In order to modify this disadvantage and make it suitable for different applications antioxidants are added. Some other additives comprise:
Additives Properties achieved
Anti-oxidants & other stabilizers Slow down the rate at which the polymer will be degraded by oxygen, heat, visible light or UV radiation
Compatibilizers Enable PVC to be mixed with other plastics and helps plastic recycling
Flame retardants Reduce flammability of plastic
Pigments To colour the plastic
Plasticisers
To produce flexible and manageable plastic
Impact modifiers To absorb shock without damage
Fillers Inexpensive, inert materials that simply add bulk to the plastic
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